Post by josmiguel on Nov 29, 2008 4:40:06 GMT 8
BASIS OF OUR MISSION
TO RECLAIM THE HOME OF OUR FILIPINO PEOPLE
What we are, as a nation today is what we inherited from the fathers of our nation and how that heritage was nurtured thereafter.
If we are a healthy nation, there is no immediate need to think about our inheritance, nor our fathers who gave us our inheritance. There is no need to think about how that inheritance went through. But if we are a sick nation today, WE CAN BECOME HEALTHY. So let as act now. But let as think how we should act if we are to avoid past failed acts. But above all, we need to think, how we are to think if we are to avoid failures even before we even acted.
WHAT ARE WE AS A NATION TODAY?
POVERTY
We are an impoverished people. Those among us who have the skill for the production of food, shelter or to serve the health and transportation needs of the nation either stop practicing it or join the mass exodus outside of the country to serve the needs of other nations. Many medical doctors among us, go to the United States to practice not what was studied for many years, but nursing. Nursing is one of the most honorable and heroic profession but together with Medicine, the supply of it is slowly becoming a shortage here in our country. Teachers among us are going abroad to practice not teaching but serve foreigners as domestic helpers. Domestic helpers are doing a dignified and heroic service to many families but is slowly being lost in our nation for that of others.
INFERIORITY
Many among us cannot communicate effectively in the Filipino language with fellow Filipinos. Many among us become handicapped in comprehension when reading documents written in Filipino. Many among us are even ashamed not to be able to speak in English even if quite effective in Filipino.
Although majority of us Filipinos have an inherently dark complexion, many among us have a burning desire to whiten our skin. The only explanation for this is that many of us believe that white skin is superior to dark skin.
We have associated things Filipino with the inferior and things American and white and lately Chinese, with the superior. Being of the poor is regarded as a source of shame. Being of the rich is regarded as a source of pride. We consider being poor equals to Filipino equals to inferior. Likewise, we consider prosperity equals to being American and lately, being Chinese equals to being superior.
NO PLACE TO REST DUE TO POVERTY AND INFERIORITY, THE RESULT OF AN INJURING VIRUS INFECTION BY FOREIGN BODIES IN OUR SYSTEM
Today, we are in a biological situation of inferiority. Today, the Americans and Chinese, particularly those who are in control of our defense, economy and our psycho-social development, and their behavior and treatment of us, have been our only points of references (for our language, culture, education, history, military doctrines, definition of friend and enemy, logistics, food supply, construction supplies, economic goals, aspirations and values). Such points of references being probably organic to them have made them the top of the areas of their aspirations and endeavor. The original general American and Chinese characteristics of taking advantage of us Filipinos whom they look down as inferior and perpetuate it thru our weaknesses have already been replicated in many among us who have been made to adopt them as our only points of reference. Such points of references being apparently outside of our own specific biological development frame but which have been transmitted to become our own, have only resulted to an inferior replication in us, of our foreign idols. This explains why many of us today look down on things inherent to us, as inferior. This explains why we have remained impoverished and our defense system perpetually weak and has only Filipinos, registered as its main enemy (our soldiers being basically oriented in counter-insurgency). This explains why we have been perpetually dependent on them. This is already pathological. We have to identify this as an enemy characteristic. We can register this in our psyche as the Heritage Injuring Virus.
Our original characteristics have been corrupted. Such characteristics present opportunity for love of our nation to be injured. An injured love for our nation in turn presents opportunity for corruption in a vicious cycle. This is the virus that has been injuring that heritage fought for with the blood of our fathers. A breakdown of love of nation and defense of its sovereignty is the advanced stage of infection of Heritage Injuring Virus. This is already the setting in of the stage of an Alienated Identity and Defense Syndrome.
Symptoms of the setting in of the stage of an Alienated Identity and Defense Syndrome are: the surrendering of our claim to Sabah; the opening of our shores, jungles and military camps in Mindanao to the Americans; the helping of American officials in bolting of a US Marine convicted of raping one of our women, out of our Manila City jail; the supporting of American invasion against the Iraqi people with the American alibi of destroying weapons of mass destruction which after many years have not yet been found; the protection of Chinese smugglers, loggers, and rice cartels; the protection of a Chinese owner of a shopping mall destroying economic survival of Filipino retailers among us in Clark; opening of our Spratly Islands to the Chinese for exploration; and many more acts that lead to our loss of our home our fathers wrestled from foreign invaders with their lives.*
There are Americans like those who defected to our side in the Filipino American War, Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie and many others who fought for the rights of nations which their own nation have abused.(1)(2) There are Chinese or Chinese meztizos in the Philippines such as Herman Tiu Laurel, Alejandro Lichauco and Gen Danilo Lim in the Philippines who: came here with legitimate purpose; fought for the cause of our liberation as a Filipino nation-- they are more Filipinos than the collaborator GMA, the congressmen for sale or Filipino mercenaries in the Armed Forces. They are not the enemies refered to in this report.
OUR INHERITANCE
CONCEPTION(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)
In the early 16th century, there were the Ilocanos, Tagalogs, Visayans, Moros in clans, tribes, petty kingdoms, and many different groups in the land where we now occupy. We then became one people under Spain. The conception of our nation with a national feeling, was a product of a historical intercourse which resulted in the start of formation by a cultural, geographical, biological and socio-psycological bond in the later 16th century. Among the bonds that formed us during that period were: the faith in the one living God and the parish churches; the University of Santo Tomás- a pontifical university under the authority of the Vatican where many of our heroes studied, and also one of the oldest and largest Catholic universities in the world; the wheel and plow; the paper, painting and architecture; the map and the charting of the Philippine baseline; the camote, adobo, pan de sal and the guisado; the Spanish blood in some of our heroes like Andrés Bonifacio who organized an independence movement for us and Fr. José Burgos who upheld our status and rights; the fiesta; and the Philippine national government among others.
In a geographical unit called Las Islas Filipinas during the Spanish rule, only the Spaniards born in the Philippines were called Filipinos. Then on October 1889, a group of ilustrados among us in Paris, signed ourselves as “The Filipinos” in addressing this message “To Our Mother Country, Spain”:
When a people is gagged; when its dignity, honor, and all its
liberties are trampled; when it no longer has any legal recourse
against the tyranny of it’s oppressors, when its complaints,
petitions and groans are not attended to; when it is not permitted
even to weep; when even the last hope is wrested from its
heart; then. . .! then. . .! then. . .! it has left no other remedy but
to take down with delirious hand from the altars the bloody and
suicidal dagger of revolution!
In the 1890s, we of the different islands in the orient under Spain became of one identity as Filipinos. Our Filipino Nation was conceived.
On one hand, there was the oppression of Spain from which, we want to be free. On the other hand, there was the beautiful people and islands we already want for our heritage. Both of these pulling us towards a strong desire for independence.
Andrés Bonifacio organized a movement called Katipunan, which worked towards that independence from Spain. The Katipunan stressed the shared characteristics of Filipino which was birth of one and the same country, people and mother. This was to make us conscious of an identity for the purpose of a cohesive community. It was to be distinct from that of the Spaniards, the Americans nor any of our Asian neighbors. The revolutionary organization was guided by the principles of equality, honor, integrity as well as respect and obedience to legitimate authority. In April 1895 Bonifacio and a band of Katipuneros went to the Montalban hills, initiating some men of the area. Here in the Pamitinan cave they assembled; an indication of their presence is an inscription scratched in charcoal on the walls: "Viva la Independencia de Filipinas!" This was the 'first cry for liberty and independence’ by us Filipinos.
It was in this womb that our nation was emerging. It was in this biological home at the social level that we were establishing our own national identity—Filipino.
NATION
This is our point of reference. This is organic to our biological development as a nation. This is our heritage which makes us equal before the nations of the world. This is our own. This was not granted to us. This is ours by birth right. This is our home!
On June 12, 1898, we proclaimed the independence of the Philippines from Spain. We officially hoisted for the first time the Philippine National Flag as the Marcha Nacional Filipina was being played in public. With budget allocation, we produced our own government, our own defense system, our agricultural system, and our educational system.(11)
HOW OUR INHERITANCE WAS NURTURED
After we became independent from Spain and become a nation in 1898, the Americans invaded us in 1899. We resisted. A bloody war started. From 500,000 to 900,000 of us Filipinos died in that war. With a weak physical resistance, the Americans transmitted in us the virus of corruption of our national psyche.(12)(13)(14)(15)
RECOVERY OF OUR INHERITANCE by our DEFENSE SYSTEM—OUR PEOPLE and OUR SOLDIERS
This is the heritage our fathers—Andrés Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Gen Artemio Ricarte, Gen Antonio Luna, Maj José Torres Bugallon, Gen Vicente Lukban, Macario Sacay and many more died for, to give us our home. Our fathers were not mere reformers for change. Because exept for Bonifacio who was a revolutionist because he fought for independence when we were not yet a nation then, our fathers resisted foreign aggressors who were invading our nation which was already a sovereign nation. Nor are we already an independent nation today. Today, we have been corrupted as to have registered enemies as merely our countrymen who function within a system which just happens to be corrupt. Indeed, if this is the case, mere reform is needed. This is an internal and political affair best left to the civilians and politicians. It is not the area of professional soldiers. But our fathers were soldiers who resisted foreign invaders and their collaborators. Today we are still being invaded by foreigners—the Chinese and the Americans. GMA is collaborating with them.
Soldiers among us, do we exist as autoimmune mercenaries to protect our foreign invaders and kill our own brother Filipinos who are fighting to reclaim the heritage our fathers sacrificed their lives to give it us? Are we the protectors of snatchers just to follow a constitution conceived under a condition of an Alienated Identity and Defense Syndrome? Admittedly, this may be safer for us personally. But this endagers if not already injured, the lives of our brothers, our elders, our sisters, our relatives, our friends, the poor Filipinos among us, our children who are looking up to our Filipino Nation as our only home. Are we willing to be a perpetually sick nation?
Or are we, soldiers among us, the big brother of our Filipino people who are still being looked upon as protectors in this struggle to liberate our home from this foreign invaders and their infected collaborators? Are we, soldiers among us, willing to give our lives, so that this home, our fathers have given their lives themselves for us, can be finally a home for all of us Filipinos?
___________________________________________________________
* Symptoms described are only partial, most recent and under GMA.
1. Boehringer, Gill H., A Magnificent Seven and an Unknown Soldier:
Black American Anti-Imperialist Fighters in the Philippine-American War,
Contributed to Bulatlat, Vol. VIII, No. 12, April 27-May 3, 2008,
www.bulatlat.com/2008/04/magnificent-seven-and-unknown-
soldier-black-american-anti-imperialist-fighters-philippine-am
2. Bender, Stephen, Recalling the Anti-Imperialist League, January 13,
2005, www.antiwar.com/orig/bender.php?articleid=4335
3. Joaquin, Nick, “Culture and History”, Pasig City, 1988
4. Agoncillo, T.A., 1990, ‘History of the Filipino People’, Quezon City:
Garothech Publishing. 115, 40.
5. Alave, Kristine, L., Pope Invited to 400th Year Fete of UST, Philippine
Daily Inquirer, First Posted 01:11:00 06/08/20
6. Serrano, Leopoldo R. "Mga Pangyayari sa Buhay ni Andres Bonifacio."
Historical Bulletin 4.3 (September 1960 [1958]): 90-99.
7. Ocampo, Ambeth R. "Andres Bonifacio: Old Questions and New
Answers." Bones of Contention: The Bonifacio Lectures. Pasig City: Anvil
Publishing Inc., 2001. 76-98.
8. Agoncillo, Teodoro A. 1990. History of the Filipino People. Garothech
Publishing, 117 2nd St., Bitoon Circle, Barangay Commonwealth, Quezon
City. 40, 102, 115.
9. Constantino, Renato. 1977. Insight & Foresight. Foundation for
Nationalist Studies, Quezon City. 75.
10. Corpuz, O. D., The Roots of the Filipino Nation, Vol. II. Quezon City:
AKLAHI Foundation, Inc., 1989, p. 214
11. Agoncillo, Teodoro A. 1990. History of the Filipino People. Quezon City:
Garothech Publishing, p. 200-201
12. Beede, Benjamin R., The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions,
1898-1934: An Encyclopedia, Published by Taylor & Francis, 1994,
p. 271
13. Agoncillo, Teodoro A. 1990. History of the Filipino People. Quezon City:
Garothech Publishing, 228-230
14. Gray, Heather, Resistance to US Military Occupation: The Case of the
Philippines, CommonDreams.org, November 17, 2003,
www.commondreams.org/
15. Agoncillo, Teodoro A. 1990. History of the Filipino People. Quezon City:
Garothech Publishing, p. 382
TO RECLAIM THE HOME OF OUR FILIPINO PEOPLE
What we are, as a nation today is what we inherited from the fathers of our nation and how that heritage was nurtured thereafter.
If we are a healthy nation, there is no immediate need to think about our inheritance, nor our fathers who gave us our inheritance. There is no need to think about how that inheritance went through. But if we are a sick nation today, WE CAN BECOME HEALTHY. So let as act now. But let as think how we should act if we are to avoid past failed acts. But above all, we need to think, how we are to think if we are to avoid failures even before we even acted.
WHAT ARE WE AS A NATION TODAY?
POVERTY
We are an impoverished people. Those among us who have the skill for the production of food, shelter or to serve the health and transportation needs of the nation either stop practicing it or join the mass exodus outside of the country to serve the needs of other nations. Many medical doctors among us, go to the United States to practice not what was studied for many years, but nursing. Nursing is one of the most honorable and heroic profession but together with Medicine, the supply of it is slowly becoming a shortage here in our country. Teachers among us are going abroad to practice not teaching but serve foreigners as domestic helpers. Domestic helpers are doing a dignified and heroic service to many families but is slowly being lost in our nation for that of others.
INFERIORITY
Many among us cannot communicate effectively in the Filipino language with fellow Filipinos. Many among us become handicapped in comprehension when reading documents written in Filipino. Many among us are even ashamed not to be able to speak in English even if quite effective in Filipino.
Although majority of us Filipinos have an inherently dark complexion, many among us have a burning desire to whiten our skin. The only explanation for this is that many of us believe that white skin is superior to dark skin.
We have associated things Filipino with the inferior and things American and white and lately Chinese, with the superior. Being of the poor is regarded as a source of shame. Being of the rich is regarded as a source of pride. We consider being poor equals to Filipino equals to inferior. Likewise, we consider prosperity equals to being American and lately, being Chinese equals to being superior.
NO PLACE TO REST DUE TO POVERTY AND INFERIORITY, THE RESULT OF AN INJURING VIRUS INFECTION BY FOREIGN BODIES IN OUR SYSTEM
Today, we are in a biological situation of inferiority. Today, the Americans and Chinese, particularly those who are in control of our defense, economy and our psycho-social development, and their behavior and treatment of us, have been our only points of references (for our language, culture, education, history, military doctrines, definition of friend and enemy, logistics, food supply, construction supplies, economic goals, aspirations and values). Such points of references being probably organic to them have made them the top of the areas of their aspirations and endeavor. The original general American and Chinese characteristics of taking advantage of us Filipinos whom they look down as inferior and perpetuate it thru our weaknesses have already been replicated in many among us who have been made to adopt them as our only points of reference. Such points of references being apparently outside of our own specific biological development frame but which have been transmitted to become our own, have only resulted to an inferior replication in us, of our foreign idols. This explains why many of us today look down on things inherent to us, as inferior. This explains why we have remained impoverished and our defense system perpetually weak and has only Filipinos, registered as its main enemy (our soldiers being basically oriented in counter-insurgency). This explains why we have been perpetually dependent on them. This is already pathological. We have to identify this as an enemy characteristic. We can register this in our psyche as the Heritage Injuring Virus.
Our original characteristics have been corrupted. Such characteristics present opportunity for love of our nation to be injured. An injured love for our nation in turn presents opportunity for corruption in a vicious cycle. This is the virus that has been injuring that heritage fought for with the blood of our fathers. A breakdown of love of nation and defense of its sovereignty is the advanced stage of infection of Heritage Injuring Virus. This is already the setting in of the stage of an Alienated Identity and Defense Syndrome.
Symptoms of the setting in of the stage of an Alienated Identity and Defense Syndrome are: the surrendering of our claim to Sabah; the opening of our shores, jungles and military camps in Mindanao to the Americans; the helping of American officials in bolting of a US Marine convicted of raping one of our women, out of our Manila City jail; the supporting of American invasion against the Iraqi people with the American alibi of destroying weapons of mass destruction which after many years have not yet been found; the protection of Chinese smugglers, loggers, and rice cartels; the protection of a Chinese owner of a shopping mall destroying economic survival of Filipino retailers among us in Clark; opening of our Spratly Islands to the Chinese for exploration; and many more acts that lead to our loss of our home our fathers wrestled from foreign invaders with their lives.*
There are Americans like those who defected to our side in the Filipino American War, Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie and many others who fought for the rights of nations which their own nation have abused.(1)(2) There are Chinese or Chinese meztizos in the Philippines such as Herman Tiu Laurel, Alejandro Lichauco and Gen Danilo Lim in the Philippines who: came here with legitimate purpose; fought for the cause of our liberation as a Filipino nation-- they are more Filipinos than the collaborator GMA, the congressmen for sale or Filipino mercenaries in the Armed Forces. They are not the enemies refered to in this report.
OUR INHERITANCE
CONCEPTION(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)
In the early 16th century, there were the Ilocanos, Tagalogs, Visayans, Moros in clans, tribes, petty kingdoms, and many different groups in the land where we now occupy. We then became one people under Spain. The conception of our nation with a national feeling, was a product of a historical intercourse which resulted in the start of formation by a cultural, geographical, biological and socio-psycological bond in the later 16th century. Among the bonds that formed us during that period were: the faith in the one living God and the parish churches; the University of Santo Tomás- a pontifical university under the authority of the Vatican where many of our heroes studied, and also one of the oldest and largest Catholic universities in the world; the wheel and plow; the paper, painting and architecture; the map and the charting of the Philippine baseline; the camote, adobo, pan de sal and the guisado; the Spanish blood in some of our heroes like Andrés Bonifacio who organized an independence movement for us and Fr. José Burgos who upheld our status and rights; the fiesta; and the Philippine national government among others.
In a geographical unit called Las Islas Filipinas during the Spanish rule, only the Spaniards born in the Philippines were called Filipinos. Then on October 1889, a group of ilustrados among us in Paris, signed ourselves as “The Filipinos” in addressing this message “To Our Mother Country, Spain”:
When a people is gagged; when its dignity, honor, and all its
liberties are trampled; when it no longer has any legal recourse
against the tyranny of it’s oppressors, when its complaints,
petitions and groans are not attended to; when it is not permitted
even to weep; when even the last hope is wrested from its
heart; then. . .! then. . .! then. . .! it has left no other remedy but
to take down with delirious hand from the altars the bloody and
suicidal dagger of revolution!
In the 1890s, we of the different islands in the orient under Spain became of one identity as Filipinos. Our Filipino Nation was conceived.
On one hand, there was the oppression of Spain from which, we want to be free. On the other hand, there was the beautiful people and islands we already want for our heritage. Both of these pulling us towards a strong desire for independence.
Andrés Bonifacio organized a movement called Katipunan, which worked towards that independence from Spain. The Katipunan stressed the shared characteristics of Filipino which was birth of one and the same country, people and mother. This was to make us conscious of an identity for the purpose of a cohesive community. It was to be distinct from that of the Spaniards, the Americans nor any of our Asian neighbors. The revolutionary organization was guided by the principles of equality, honor, integrity as well as respect and obedience to legitimate authority. In April 1895 Bonifacio and a band of Katipuneros went to the Montalban hills, initiating some men of the area. Here in the Pamitinan cave they assembled; an indication of their presence is an inscription scratched in charcoal on the walls: "Viva la Independencia de Filipinas!" This was the 'first cry for liberty and independence’ by us Filipinos.
It was in this womb that our nation was emerging. It was in this biological home at the social level that we were establishing our own national identity—Filipino.
NATION
This is our point of reference. This is organic to our biological development as a nation. This is our heritage which makes us equal before the nations of the world. This is our own. This was not granted to us. This is ours by birth right. This is our home!
On June 12, 1898, we proclaimed the independence of the Philippines from Spain. We officially hoisted for the first time the Philippine National Flag as the Marcha Nacional Filipina was being played in public. With budget allocation, we produced our own government, our own defense system, our agricultural system, and our educational system.(11)
HOW OUR INHERITANCE WAS NURTURED
After we became independent from Spain and become a nation in 1898, the Americans invaded us in 1899. We resisted. A bloody war started. From 500,000 to 900,000 of us Filipinos died in that war. With a weak physical resistance, the Americans transmitted in us the virus of corruption of our national psyche.(12)(13)(14)(15)
RECOVERY OF OUR INHERITANCE by our DEFENSE SYSTEM—OUR PEOPLE and OUR SOLDIERS
This is the heritage our fathers—Andrés Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Gen Artemio Ricarte, Gen Antonio Luna, Maj José Torres Bugallon, Gen Vicente Lukban, Macario Sacay and many more died for, to give us our home. Our fathers were not mere reformers for change. Because exept for Bonifacio who was a revolutionist because he fought for independence when we were not yet a nation then, our fathers resisted foreign aggressors who were invading our nation which was already a sovereign nation. Nor are we already an independent nation today. Today, we have been corrupted as to have registered enemies as merely our countrymen who function within a system which just happens to be corrupt. Indeed, if this is the case, mere reform is needed. This is an internal and political affair best left to the civilians and politicians. It is not the area of professional soldiers. But our fathers were soldiers who resisted foreign invaders and their collaborators. Today we are still being invaded by foreigners—the Chinese and the Americans. GMA is collaborating with them.
Soldiers among us, do we exist as autoimmune mercenaries to protect our foreign invaders and kill our own brother Filipinos who are fighting to reclaim the heritage our fathers sacrificed their lives to give it us? Are we the protectors of snatchers just to follow a constitution conceived under a condition of an Alienated Identity and Defense Syndrome? Admittedly, this may be safer for us personally. But this endagers if not already injured, the lives of our brothers, our elders, our sisters, our relatives, our friends, the poor Filipinos among us, our children who are looking up to our Filipino Nation as our only home. Are we willing to be a perpetually sick nation?
Or are we, soldiers among us, the big brother of our Filipino people who are still being looked upon as protectors in this struggle to liberate our home from this foreign invaders and their infected collaborators? Are we, soldiers among us, willing to give our lives, so that this home, our fathers have given their lives themselves for us, can be finally a home for all of us Filipinos?
___________________________________________________________
* Symptoms described are only partial, most recent and under GMA.
1. Boehringer, Gill H., A Magnificent Seven and an Unknown Soldier:
Black American Anti-Imperialist Fighters in the Philippine-American War,
Contributed to Bulatlat, Vol. VIII, No. 12, April 27-May 3, 2008,
www.bulatlat.com/2008/04/magnificent-seven-and-unknown-
soldier-black-american-anti-imperialist-fighters-philippine-am
2. Bender, Stephen, Recalling the Anti-Imperialist League, January 13,
2005, www.antiwar.com/orig/bender.php?articleid=4335
3. Joaquin, Nick, “Culture and History”, Pasig City, 1988
4. Agoncillo, T.A., 1990, ‘History of the Filipino People’, Quezon City:
Garothech Publishing. 115, 40.
5. Alave, Kristine, L., Pope Invited to 400th Year Fete of UST, Philippine
Daily Inquirer, First Posted 01:11:00 06/08/20
6. Serrano, Leopoldo R. "Mga Pangyayari sa Buhay ni Andres Bonifacio."
Historical Bulletin 4.3 (September 1960 [1958]): 90-99.
7. Ocampo, Ambeth R. "Andres Bonifacio: Old Questions and New
Answers." Bones of Contention: The Bonifacio Lectures. Pasig City: Anvil
Publishing Inc., 2001. 76-98.
8. Agoncillo, Teodoro A. 1990. History of the Filipino People. Garothech
Publishing, 117 2nd St., Bitoon Circle, Barangay Commonwealth, Quezon
City. 40, 102, 115.
9. Constantino, Renato. 1977. Insight & Foresight. Foundation for
Nationalist Studies, Quezon City. 75.
10. Corpuz, O. D., The Roots of the Filipino Nation, Vol. II. Quezon City:
AKLAHI Foundation, Inc., 1989, p. 214
11. Agoncillo, Teodoro A. 1990. History of the Filipino People. Quezon City:
Garothech Publishing, p. 200-201
12. Beede, Benjamin R., The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions,
1898-1934: An Encyclopedia, Published by Taylor & Francis, 1994,
p. 271
13. Agoncillo, Teodoro A. 1990. History of the Filipino People. Quezon City:
Garothech Publishing, 228-230
14. Gray, Heather, Resistance to US Military Occupation: The Case of the
Philippines, CommonDreams.org, November 17, 2003,
www.commondreams.org/
15. Agoncillo, Teodoro A. 1990. History of the Filipino People. Quezon City:
Garothech Publishing, p. 382
